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70th century BCE

c. 7,000 BCE Farming begins at Mehrgarh Cultural / religious
Among the earliest evidence of wheat, barley and cattle domestication in the Indian subcontinent.
 Mehrgarh Mehrgarh Cultural Tradition

55th century BCE

c. 5,500 BCE Pottery appears at Mehrgarh Cultural / religious Mehrgarh Mehrgarh Cultural Tradition

50th century BCE

c. 5,000 BCE Earliest cotton and copper at Mehrgarh Cultural / religious
Cotton seeds and copper beads among the earliest in the world.
 Mehrgarh Mehrgarh Cultural Tradition

40th century BCE

c. 4,000 BCE Hakra-ware villages at Bhirrana and Kunal Cultural / religious Bhirrana

33rd century BCE

c. 3,300 BCE Early Harappan phase begins Cultural / religious
Regional cultures lay the foundations of the cities.
 Harappa Early Harappan Cultures

30th century BCE

c. 3,000 BCE Neolithic pit-dwellings at Burzahom Cultural / religious Burzahom Neolithic Kashmir (Burzahom)

29th century BCE

c. 2,900 BCE Ash mounds of the southern Neolithic Cultural / religious Sanganakallu South Indian Neolithic (Ash-mound cultures)

26th century BCE

c. 2,600 BCE Mature Harappan urban phase begins Cultural / religious
Planned cities with drains, granaries and standardised bricks appear.
 Mohenjo-daro Indus / Harappan Civilization

25th century BCE

c. 2,500 BCE Dholavira's reservoirs and 'signboard' Cultural / religious Dholavira Indus / Harappan Civilization

24th century BCE

c. 2,400 BCE Lothal dockyard in use Cultural / religious Lothal Indus / Harappan Civilization

23rd century BCE

c. 2,300 BCE Harappan trade with Mesopotamia ('Meluhha') Cultural / religious
Mesopotamian texts refer to ships from Meluhha.
 Lothal Indus / Harappan Civilization

20th century BCE

c. 2,000 BCE Copper hoards and OCP settlements in the doab Cultural / religious Ganga-Yamuna doab Ochre Coloured Pottery Culture

19th century BCE

c. 1,900 BCE Decline of the Harappan cities Decline / collapse
Cities are abandoned; settlement shifts east and regionalises.
 Indus basin Indus / Harappan Civilization

18th century BCE

c. 1,750 BCE Kalibangan abandoned Decline / collapse Kalibangan Indus / Harappan Civilization

17th century BCE

c. 1,700 BCE Malwa culture at Navdatoli Cultural / religious Navdatoli Malwa Culture

15th century BCE

c. 1,500 BCE Composition of the Rigveda begins Cultural / religious
Oldest layer of the Vedic corpus.
 Sapta Sindhu Early Vedic Communities

14th century BCE

c. 1,400 BCE Jorwe farming villages at Inamgaon Cultural / religious Inamgaon Jorwe Culture

13th century BCE

c. 1,300 BCE Cemetery H culture at Harappa Cultural / religious Harappa Late Harappan Cultures

12th century BCE

c. 1,200 BCE Battle of the Ten Kings Battle
Rigvedic victory of Sudas of the Bharatas.
 Parushni (Ravi) river Early Vedic Communities

11th century BCE

c. 1,100 BCE Iron comes into use in the Ganga plain Cultural / religious Atranjikhera Later Vedic Polities

10th century BCE

c. 1,000 BCE Painted Grey Ware settlements spread in the doab Cultural / religious
Iron use and larger agrarian settlements.
 Hastinapura Later Vedic Polities
c. 1,000 BCE Later Vedic texts: Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda Cultural / religious Kuru-Panchala region Later Vedic Polities

9th century BCE

c. 900 BCE Kuru kingdom consolidates Vedic ritual Political Hastinapura Kuru

8th century BCE

c. 800 BCE Early Upanishads composed Cultural / religious Videha Videha

7th century BCE

c. 700 BCE Second urbanisation: Northern Black Polished Ware Cultural / religious Kaushambi

6th century BCE

c. 600 BCE Rise of the sixteen Mahajanapadas Political
Listed in the Buddhist Anguttara Nikaya.
Territorial states replaced tribal janas across north India.
 Gangetic plain
c. 599 BCE Birth of Vardhamana Mahavira Cultural / religious
Traditional date; many scholars prefer c. 540 BCE.
 Kundagrama, Vaishali Vajji / Vrijji Confederacy
c. 563 BCE Birth of Siddhartha Gautama at Lumbini Cultural / religious
Traditional date; debated (c. 563 or c. 480 BCE).
 Lumbini Shakya
c. 540 BCE Bimbisara annexes Anga Conquest / annexation
The first step in Magadha's expansion.
 Champa Haryanka Dynasty
c. 528 BCE The Buddha's enlightenment at Bodh Gaya Cultural / religious Bodh Gaya
c. 527 BCE Mahavira's nirvana at Pavapuri Cultural / religious
Traditional date.
 Pavapuri
c. 518 BCE Achaemenid Persia annexes Gandhara Conquest / annexation
Gandhara and Hindush appear in Darius I's inscriptions.
 Takshashila Achaemenid Gandhara & Hindush

5th century BCE

c. 492 BCE Ajatashatru becomes king of Magadha Founding / accession Rajagriha Haryanka Dynasty
c. 483 BCE Mahaparinirvana of the Buddha Cultural / religious
Date debated (c. 483 or c. 400 BCE).
 Kushinagar Malla
c. 483 BCE First Buddhist Council at Rajagriha Cultural / religious Rajgir Haryanka Dynasty
c. 468 BCE Ajatashatru defeats the Vajji confederacy Conquest / annexation Vaishali Haryanka Dynasty
c. 460 BCE Pataliputra becomes Magadha's capital Political Pataliputra Haryanka Dynasty
c. 413 BCE Shishunaga dynasty replaces the Haryankas Founding / accession
Shishunaga later annexed Avanti.
 Magadha Shishunaga Dynasty

4th century BCE

c. 400 BCE Panini composes the Ashtadhyayi Cultural / religious
Sanskrit grammar was fixed in about 4,000 sutras.
 Shalatula, Gandhara Gandhara
c. 383 BCE Second Buddhist Council at Vaishali Cultural / religious Vaishali Shishunaga Dynasty
c. 345 BCE Mahapadma Nanda founds the Nanda dynasty Founding / accession Pataliputra Nanda Dynasty
327 BCE Alexander crosses the Hindu Kush into Gandhara Conquest / annexation Kapisa
326 BCE Battle of the Hydaspes Battle
Alexander of Macedon defeats Porus.
Alexander won but restored Porus as a vassal king.
 Jhelum river
326 BCE Alexander's army mutinies at the Beas Political
Alexander turned back and left India in 325 BCE.
 Beas (Hyphasis) river
325 BCE Alexander's army sails down the Indus Political Patala
c. 321 BCE Chandragupta Maurya overthrows the Nandas Founding / accession
Foundation of the Mauryan Empire with Chanakya's guidance.
The Nanda dynasty ended and the Mauryan Empire was founded.
 Pataliputra Mauryan Empire
c. 317 BCE Chandragupta takes the northwest from Alexander's satraps Conquest / annexation
Greek garrisons east of the Indus were removed.
 Punjab Mauryan Empire
c. 303 BCE Seleucid-Mauryan treaty Treaty
Seleucus cedes Arachosia and Gandhara; Megasthenes sent to Pataliputra.
Seleucus ceded the lands west of the Indus in return for 500 war elephants.
 Northwest Mauryan Empire
c. 302 BCE Megasthenes at Pataliputra writes the Indica Cultural / religious Pataliputra Mauryan Empire

3rd century BCE

c. 297 BCE Chandragupta Maurya retires to Shravanabelagola Political
Jain tradition.
 Shravanabelagola Mauryan Empire
c. 268 BCE Ashoka's accession Founding / accession Pataliputra Mauryan Empire
c. 261 BCE Kalinga War Battle
Ashoka's conquest of Kalinga and turn to Dhamma.
Kalinga was annexed and Ashoka renounced war for Dhamma.
 Dhauli, Kalinga Mauryan Empire
c. 257 BCE Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts inscribed Cultural / religious
Edicts in Prakrit (Brahmi and Kharosthi) across the empire.
 Girnar Mauryan Empire
c. 250 BCE Third Buddhist Council at Pataliputra Cultural / religious Pataliputra Mauryan Empire
c. 249 BCE Ashoka visits Lumbini Cultural / religious
His pillar inscription records the visit.
Lumbini's taxes were reduced to one-eighth.
 Lumbini Mauryan Empire
c. 247 BCE Mahinda brings Buddhism to Sri Lanka Cultural / religious Mihintale Anuradhapura Kingdom
c. 232 BCE Death of Ashoka Political Pataliputra Mauryan Empire

2nd century BCE

c. 185 BCE Pushyamitra Shunga assassinates Brihadratha Political
End of the Mauryan dynasty.
The Mauryan dynasty ended and the Shunga dynasty began.
 Pataliputra Shunga Dynasty
c. 180 BCE Demetrius I invades northwest India Conquest / annexation
Founded Indo-Greek rule south of the Hindu Kush.
 Gandhara Indo-Greek Kingdoms
c. 161 BCE Dutugemunu unites Sri Lanka Conquest / annexation
Defeats Elara (Ellalan).
 Anuradhapura Anuradhapura Kingdom
c. 150 BCE Kharavela's Hathigumpha inscription Cultural / religious Udayagiri, Bhubaneswar Mahameghavahana (Chedi) of Kalinga
c. 150 BCE Menander's reign; Milindapanha dialogues Cultural / religious Sagala Indo-Greek Kingdoms
c. 150 BCE Bharhut stupa railings carved Cultural / religious Bharhut Shunga Dynasty
c. 113 BCE Heliodorus Pillar at Vidisha Cultural / religious
A Greek envoy's Garuda pillar to Vasudeva.
 Vidisha Indo-Greek Kingdoms

1st century BCE

57 BCE Vikram Samvat era begins Political Ujjain
c. 50 BCE Sanchi gateways carved Cultural / religious Sanchi Satavahana Empire
c. 29 BCE Pali Canon written down at Aluvihare Cultural / religious Aluvihare Anuradhapura Kingdom
c. 28 BCE Satavahanas end the Kanva dynasty Conquest / annexation
The Kanva dynasty ended.
 Magadha Satavahana Empire

1st century CE

c. 30 CE Kujula Kadphises unites the Kushans Founding / accession
The five Yuezhi tribes were united under one ruler.
 Bactria-Gandhara Kushan Empire
c. 46 CE Takht-i-Bahi monastery founded Cultural / religious Takht-i-Bahi Indo-Parthian Kingdom
c. 50 CE Roman trade at Arikamedu and Muziris Cultural / religious Arikamedu Early Cholas (Sangam era)
c. 52 CE St Thomas traditionally lands at Muziris Cultural / religious Kodungallur Early Cheras (Sangam era)
78 CE Saka era begins Political
Basis of India's national calendar.
 Western India Western Kshatrapas
c. 100 CE Chaitya halls at Karla and Nashik Cultural / religious Karla Satavahana Empire

2nd century CE

c. 124 CE Gautamiputra Satakarni defeats Nahapana Battle
The Satavahanas recovered the western Deccan from the Kshaharatas.
 Nashik Satavahana Empire
c. 127 CE Kanishka's accession Political
Fourth Buddhist Council in Kashmir during his reign.
 Purushapura Kushan Empire
c. 150 CE Rudradaman's Junagadh inscription Cultural / religious
Early long Sanskrit inscription; repair of Sudarshana lake.
 Junagadh Western Kshatrapas

3rd century CE

c. 230 CE Sasanian conquest of the western Kushan lands Conquest / annexation
Kushanshah governors ruled Bactria as Sasanian vassals.
 Bactria Kushan Empire
c. 240 CE Sri Gupta founds the Gupta line Founding / accession Magadha Gupta Empire
c. 250 CE Nagarjunakonda flourishes under the Ikshvakus Cultural / religious Nagarjunakonda Ikshvakus of Vijayapuri
c. 275 CE Pallava rule begins at Kanchi Founding / accession Kanchipuram Pallava Dynasty

4th century CE

c. 319 CE Gupta era begins Founding / accession
Chandragupta I's accession.
 Pataliputra Gupta Empire
c. 320 CE Chandragupta I marries the Licchavi princess Kumaradevi Political
The alliance strengthened Gupta power in Magadha.
 Pataliputra Gupta Empire
c. 335 CE Samudragupta becomes emperor Founding / accession Pataliputra Gupta Empire
c. 350 CE Samudragupta's Prayaga prashasti Cultural / religious
Records Samudragupta's campaigns.
 Prayagraj Gupta Empire
c. 380 CE Gupta-Vakataka marriage alliance Political
Prabhavatigupta married Rudrasena II.
Secured the Gupta southern flank for the war against the Sakas.
 Nandivardhana Vakataka Dynasty
c. 395 CE Chandragupta II conquers the Western Kshatrapas Conquest / annexation
The Guptas gained Gujarat, Malwa and the western ports.
 Ujjain Gupta Empire
c. 400 CE Kalidasa at the Gupta court Cultural / religious Ujjain Gupta Empire

5th century CE

c. 402 CE Iron Pillar erected Cultural / religious
Rust-resistant wrought-iron pillar.
 Mehrauli, Delhi Gupta Empire
c. 405 CE Faxian travels in India Cultural / religious Pataliputra Gupta Empire
c. 415 CE Kumaragupta I becomes emperor Founding / accession Pataliputra Gupta Empire
c. 427 CE Nalanda Mahavihara founded Cultural / religious Nalanda Gupta Empire
c. 455 CE Skandagupta repels the Hunas Battle
The first Huna invasion was repulsed.
 Bhitari Gupta Empire
c. 464 CE Manadeva I's Changu Narayan inscription Cultural / religious
Earliest dated inscription of Nepal.
 Changu Narayan Licchavi Kingdom of Nepal
c. 467 CE Death of Skandagupta Decline / collapse
Gupta power began a long decline.
 Pataliputra Gupta Empire
c. 477 CE Kashyapa I builds Sigiriya Cultural / religious Sigiriya Anuradhapura Kingdom
c. 480 CE Ajanta's later caves under Harishena Cultural / religious Ajanta Vakataka Dynasty
499 CE Aryabhata writes the Aryabhatiya Cultural / religious
Place-value mathematics and astronomy.
 Kusumapura (Pataliputra) Gupta Empire

6th century CE

c. 510 CE Huna invasions under Toramana Battle
The Hunas seized parts of western and central India, weakening the Guptas.
 Eran Alchon Huns (Hunas)
c. 528 CE Yashodharman defeats Mihirakula Battle
Mihirakula's power in central India was broken.
 Mandsaur
543 CE Pulakeshin I fortifies Vatapi Founding / accession Badami Chalukyas of Badami
c. 550 CE Colossal Buddhas carved at Bamiyan Cultural / religious Bamiyan
c. 550 CE Fall of the imperial Guptas Decline / collapse
North India fragmented among the Maukharis, Later Guptas and others.
 Magadha Gupta Empire

7th century CE

606 CE Harsha becomes king Founding / accession Thanesar Pushyabhuti (Vardhana) Dynasty
c. 612 CE Harsha makes Kannauj his capital Political
Kannauj became the imperial city of north India.
 Kannauj Pushyabhuti (Vardhana) Dynasty
c. 618 CE Pulakeshin II defeats Harsha on the Narmada Battle
The Narmada became the southern limit of Harsha's empire.
 Narmada river Chalukyas of Badami
634 CE Aihole inscription of Ravikirti Cultural / religious Aihole Chalukyas of Badami
c. 636 CE Xuanzang studies at Nalanda Cultural / religious
Chinese pilgrim travelled in India c. 630-645.
 Nalanda Pushyabhuti (Vardhana) Dynasty
642 CE Narasimhavarman I captures Vatapi Battle
Pulakeshin II was killed and Narasimhavarman took the title Vatapikonda.
 Badami Pallava Dynasty
643 CE Harsha's assemblies at Kannauj and Prayag Cultural / religious Kannauj Pushyabhuti (Vardhana) Dynasty
647 CE Death of Harsha Decline / collapse Kannauj Pushyabhuti (Vardhana) Dynasty
c. 700 CE Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram Cultural / religious Mahabalipuram Pallava Dynasty

8th century CE

712 CE Muhammad ibn Qasim conquers Sindh Conquest / annexation
Raja Dahir killed; Sindh joins the Umayyad Caliphate.
Raja Dahir was killed and Sindh became an Umayyad province.
 Debal / Aror Umayyad Caliphate — Sindh province
c. 738 CE Arab advance checked in Rajasthan Battle
Nagabhata I and the Chalukyas of Gujarat halt Arab expansion.
Arab expansion east of Sindh was halted for centuries.
 Rajasthan Gurjara-Pratihara Empire
c. 740 CE Lalitaditya's Martand Sun Temple Cultural / religious Martand Karkota Dynasty of Kashmir
c. 750 CE Gopala elected king in Bengal Founding / accession
Foundation of the Pala dynasty.
 Bengal Pala Empire
c. 753 CE Dantidurga founds Rashtrakuta power Founding / accession Ellora region Rashtrakuta Empire
c. 757 CE Kailasa temple, Ellora begun Cultural / religious Ellora Rashtrakuta Empire
c. 788 CE Adi Shankaracharya born (traditional) Cultural / religious Kalady
c. 800 CE Vikramashila university founded Cultural / religious Vikramashila Pala Empire

9th century CE

c. 816 CE Nagabhata II captures Kannauj Conquest / annexation
Kannauj becomes the Pratihara capital; climax of the tripartite struggle.
Kannauj became the Pratihara capital.
 Kannauj Gurjara-Pratihara Empire
c. 850 CE Amoghavarsha's Kavirajamarga Cultural / religious
Earliest extant Kannada literary work.
 Manyakheta Rashtrakuta Empire
879 CE Nepal Samvat era begins Political Kathmandu Thakuri Kingdom of Nepal

10th century CE

c. 916 CE Indra III sacks Kannauj Battle
The Pratiharas were temporarily driven out of Kannauj.
 Kannauj Rashtrakuta Empire
949 CE Battle of Takkolam Battle
Krishna III defeats the Cholas.
The Rashtrakutas defeated the Cholas and occupied Tondaimandalam.
 Takkolam Rashtrakuta Empire
973 CE Tailapa II overthrows the Rashtrakutas Founding / accession
The Western Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani was founded.
 Manyakheta Western Chalukyas of Kalyani
985 CE Rajaraja I becomes Chola king Founding / accession Thanjavur Chola Empire
c. 993 CE Chola invasion of Sri Lanka Conquest / annexation
Anuradhapura was sacked and the Sinhalese capital abandoned.
 Anuradhapura Chola Empire
1000 Mahmud of Ghazni begins his raids on India Conquest / annexation
About seventeen raids followed over 25 years.
 Northwest frontier Ghaznavid Empire

11th century CE

1001 Mahmud defeats Jayapala at Peshawar Battle
Jayapala was captured and later abdicated.
 Peshawar Ghaznavid Empire
1008 Battle of Chach Battle
Anandapala defeated.
Anandapala's coalition was defeated, opening Punjab to Mahmud.
 Chach plain, Attock Ghaznavid Empire
1010 Brihadisvara Temple completed Cultural / religious
Rajaraja I's great temple.
 Thanjavur Chola Empire
1014 Rajendra I becomes Chola king Founding / accession Thanjavur Chola Empire
1017 Chola conquest of Sri Lanka completed Conquest / annexation
Northern Sri Lanka became the Chola province of Mummudi-chola-mandalam.
 Anuradhapura / Polonnaruwa Chola Empire
1018 Mahmud sacks Mathura and Kannauj Battle
The Pratihara capital was plundered.
 Mathura Ghaznavid Empire
c. 1023 Rajendra's Ganga expedition; Gangaikonda Cholapuram founded Conquest / annexation
Chola armies reached the Ganga and a new capital commemorated the victory.
 Gangaikonda Cholapuram Chola Empire
1025 Chola naval expedition to Srivijaya Conquest / annexation
Rajendra I raids Kadaram and the Srivijaya ports.
Srivijaya's ports were raided, securing Chola trade routes to China.
 Nagapattinam Chola Empire
1026 Mahmud of Ghazni raids Somnath Battle
The Somnath temple was plundered and Mahmud carried vast treasure to Ghazni.
 Somnath Ghaznavid Empire
1030 Al-Biruni writes the Kitab al-Hind Cultural / religious Ghazni Ghaznavid Empire
c. 1055 Death of Raja Bhoja Decline / collapse
Paramara power declined under attack from the Chaulukyas and Kalachuris.
 Dhar Paramara Dynasty
1070 Vijayabahu I expels the Cholas from Sri Lanka Conquest / annexation
Sinhalese rule was restored with its capital at Polonnaruwa.
 Polonnaruwa Polonnaruwa Kingdom
1076 Chalukya-Vikrama era of Vikramaditya VI Political Kalyani Western Chalukyas of Kalyani

12th century CE

c. 1135 Jagannath temple at Puri begun Cultural / religious Puri Eastern Ganga Dynasty
1148 Kalhana begins the Rajatarangini Cultural / religious Kashmir Lohara Dynasty of Kashmir
1153 The Maldives converts to Islam Cultural / religious Malé Sultanate of the Maldives
1153 Parakramabahu I rules Sri Lanka Founding / accession Polonnaruwa Polonnaruwa Kingdom
c. 1161 End of the Pala dynasty Decline / collapse
The Senas became the leading power in Bengal.
 Bengal Pala Empire
1175 Muhammad of Ghor takes Multan Conquest / annexation Multan Ghurid Empire
1178 Battle of Kasahrada: Ghurids defeated Battle
Muhammad of Ghor was repulsed from Gujarat.
 Mount Abu Chaulukyas (Solankis) of Gujarat
1186 Ghurids take Lahore, ending the Ghaznavids Conquest / annexation
The last Ghaznavid ruler, Khusrau Malik, was captured.
 Lahore Ghurid Empire
c. 1190 Minaret of Jam built Cultural / religious Jam Ghurid Empire
1191 First Battle of Tarain Battle
Prithviraj Chauhan defeats Muhammad of Ghor.
Prithviraj Chauhan defeated Muhammad of Ghor, who retreated wounded.
 Tarain Chahamanas (Chauhans) of Shakambhari
1192 Second Battle of Tarain Battle
Muhammad of Ghor defeats Prithviraj; Turkish rule in north India begins.
Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated and killed, opening north India to the Ghurids.
 Tarain Ghurid Empire
1194 Battle of Chandawar Battle
Jayachandra of the Gahadavalas killed.
Jayachandra was killed and the Ghurids took Kannauj and Varanasi.
 Chandawar Ghurid Empire
c. 1200 Destruction of Nalanda Decline / collapse
Attributed to Bakhtiyar Khalji's campaigns (c. 1193-1200).
 Nalanda

13th century CE

c. 1203 Destruction of Vikramashila Decline / collapse Vikramashila
c. 1204 Bakhtiyar Khalji takes Nadia Conquest / annexation
Lakshmana Sena fled to east Bengal and Turkish rule began in Bengal.
 Nabadwip Ghurid Empire
1206 Delhi Sultanate founded Founding / accession
Qutbuddin Aibak becomes independent after Muhammad of Ghor's death.
 Delhi / Lahore Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty
1211 Iltutmish becomes sultan Founding / accession Delhi Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty
1221 Chinggis Khan pursues Jalal ad-Din to the Indus Battle
Jalal ad-Din escaped across the Indus and Iltutmish refused him asylum.
 Indus river
1228 Sukaphaa founds the Ahom kingdom Founding / accession Charaideo Ahom Kingdom
1229 Iltutmish receives caliphal investiture Political Delhi Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty
1236 Razia Sultana ascends the throne Political Delhi Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty
1240 Razia Sultana deposed and killed Decline / collapse
Power passed to the Turkish nobles known as the 'Forty'.
 Kaithal Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty
c. 1250 Konark Sun Temple built Cultural / religious Konark Eastern Ganga Dynasty
1266 Balban becomes sultan Founding / accession Delhi Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty
1279 End of the Chola dynasty Decline / collapse
The Pandyas became the dominant Tamil power.
 Thanjavur Chola Empire
1290 Khalji revolution Founding / accession Delhi Khalji Dynasty
1292 Marco Polo visits the Pandya coast Cultural / religious Kayal Pandya Empire (Second Empire)
1296 Alauddin Khalji raids Devagiri Battle Devagiri Khalji Dynasty
1296 Alauddin Khalji becomes sultan Founding / accession
He had his uncle Jalaluddin murdered.
 Delhi Khalji Dynasty
1299 Mongols defeated at Kili Battle
Alauddin Khalji's army repelled Qutlugh Khwaja's Mongol invasion.
 Kili, near Delhi Khalji Dynasty

14th century CE

1301 Alauddin Khalji takes Ranthambore Conquest / annexation
Hammiradeva Chauhan was killed.
 Ranthambore Khalji Dynasty
1303 Siege of Chittorgarh Battle
Alauddin Khalji takes Chittor.
Chittor fell to Alauddin Khalji after a long siege.
 Chittorgarh Khalji Dynasty
1310 Malik Kafur takes Warangal Conquest / annexation
The Kakatiya ruler Prataparudra became a tributary of Delhi.
 Warangal Khalji Dynasty
1311 Malik Kafur's southern campaign reaches Madurai Conquest / annexation
The Pandya capital was plundered and its treasure carried to Delhi.
 Madurai Khalji Dynasty
1316 Death of Alauddin Khalji Decline / collapse
Malik Kafur briefly seized power; the Khaljis fell four years later.
 Delhi Khalji Dynasty
1320 Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq founds the Tughlaq dynasty Founding / accession Delhi Tughlaq Dynasty
1323 Fall of the Kakatiyas Conquest / annexation
Warangal was annexed and the Kakatiya dynasty ended.
 Warangal Tughlaq Dynasty
1327 Capital shifted to Daulatabad Political
Muhammad bin Tughlaq's transfer of capital.
The move caused great hardship and was reversed within a few years.
 Daulatabad Tughlaq Dynasty
c. 1329 Muhammad bin Tughlaq issues token currency Political
Brass and copper coins were to pass at the value of silver.
Widespread forgery forced the coins to be withdrawn.
 Delhi Tughlaq Dynasty
1334 Ibn Battuta arrives in Delhi Cultural / religious Delhi Tughlaq Dynasty
1336 Vijayanagara founded Founding / accession
By Harihara I and Bukka Raya I.
 Hampi Sangama Dynasty
1343 Ibn Battuta serves as qadi in the Maldives Cultural / religious Malé Sultanate of the Maldives
1347 Bahmani Sultanate founded Founding / accession Gulbarga Bahmani Sultanate
1351 Firuz Shah Tughlaq becomes sultan Founding / accession Delhi Tughlaq Dynasty
1352 Ilyas Shah unifies Bengal Founding / accession Pandua Bengal Sultanate
1378 Vijayanagara annexes the Madurai Sultanate Conquest / annexation
Kumara Kampana's campaign ended the Madurai Sultanate.
 Madurai Sangama Dynasty
1382 Jayasthiti Malla's reforms in Nepal Political Kathmandu Malla Dynasty of Nepal
1398 Timur sacks Delhi Battle
Delhi was devastated and the Tughlaq sultanate never recovered.
 Delhi Tughlaq Dynasty

15th century CE

1407 Gujarat Sultanate becomes independent Founding / accession Patan Gujarat Sultanate
1411 Ahmedabad founded Founding / accession Ahmedabad Gujarat Sultanate
1412 Parakramabahu VI unifies Sri Lanka from Kotte Founding / accession Kotte Kingdom of Kotte
1414 Khizr Khan founds the Sayyid dynasty Founding / accession Delhi Sayyid Dynasty
1420 Nicolò de' Conti visits Vijayanagara Cultural / religious Hampi Sangama Dynasty
1443 Abdur Razzaq's embassy to Vijayanagara Cultural / religious Hampi Sangama Dynasty
c. 1450 Kabir's poetry in Varanasi Cultural / religious Varanasi
c. 1450 Sixty Dome Mosque at Bagerhat Cultural / religious Bagerhat Bengal Sultanate
1451 Bahlul Lodi founds the Lodi dynasty Founding / accession
The first Afghan dynasty of Delhi.
 Delhi Lodi Dynasty
1459 Rao Jodha founds Jodhpur Founding / accession
Mehrangarh fort became the Rathore capital.
 Jodhpur Marwar (Rathore)
1469 Birth of Guru Nanak Cultural / religious
Founder of Sikhism.
 Nankana Sahib
c. 1469 Kingdom of Kandy emerges Founding / accession Kandy Kingdom of Kandy
1482 Nepal valley divides into three Malla kingdoms Political Kathmandu valley Malla Dynasty of Nepal
1490 Bijapur and Ahmadnagar break from the Bahmanis Founding / accession Bijapur Bijapur Sultanate (Adil Shahi)
1498 Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut Political
Opening of the sea route from Europe to India.
The direct sea route from Europe to India was opened.
 Kozhikode Zamorins of Calicut

16th century CE

1504 Sikandar Lodi founds Agra Founding / accession
Agra became the Lodi and later Mughal capital.
 Agra Lodi Dynasty
1505 Portuguese reach Sri Lanka Political Colombo Kingdom of Kotte
1509 Krishnadevaraya's accession Founding / accession Hampi Tuluva Dynasty
1509 Battle of Diu Battle
Portuguese naval victory over a Gujarati-Mamluk fleet.
Portuguese naval supremacy in the Arabian Sea was established.
 Diu Portuguese Estado da Índia
1510 Portuguese capture Goa Conquest / annexation
Afonso de Albuquerque takes Goa from Bijapur.
Goa became the capital of the Portuguese Estado da Índia until 1961.
 Goa Portuguese Estado da Índia
1520 Krishnadevaraya takes Raichur Battle
Vijayanagara won the Raichur doab from Bijapur.
 Raichur Tuluva Dynasty
1526 First Battle of Panipat Battle
Babur defeats Ibrahim Lodi; the Mughal Empire begins.
Ibrahim Lodi was killed and Babur founded the Mughal Empire.
 Panipat Mughal Empire
1527 Battle of Khanwa Battle
Babur defeats Rana Sanga.
Babur defeated Rana Sanga's Rajput confederacy, securing Mughal rule in the north.
 Khanwa Mughal Empire
1529 Battle of the Ghaghra Battle
Babur defeated the Afghan chiefs of the east.
 Ghaghra river Mughal Empire
1530 Death of Babur; Humayun succeeds Political Agra Mughal Empire
1535 Humayun takes Mandu and Champaner Conquest / annexation Champaner Mughal Empire
1539 Battle of Chausa Battle
Sher Shah defeats Humayun.
Humayun was defeated and escaped by swimming the Ganga.
 Chausa Sur Empire
1540 Battle of Kannauj Battle
Sher Shah Suri defeats Humayun, who goes into exile.
Humayun fled into exile and Sher Shah founded the Sur Empire.
 Kannauj Sur Empire
1541 Rohtas Fort begun by Sher Shah Cultural / religious Rohtas Sur Empire
1545 Death of Sher Shah at Kalinjar Decline / collapse Kalinjar Sur Empire
1555 Humayun recovers Delhi (Battle of Sirhind) Battle
Humayun regained his throne from the Surs.
 Sirhind Mughal Empire
1556 Second Battle of Panipat Battle
Akbar's forces defeat Hemu.
Hemu was captured and killed, securing Akbar's throne.
 Panipat Mughal Empire
1558 Portuguese occupy Malé Conquest / annexation Malé Portuguese Malé
1559 Drabya Shah founds the Gorkha kingdom Founding / accession Gorkha Gorkha Kingdom
1564 Akbar abolishes the jizya Political
Part of Akbar's policy of Sulh-i-kul (peace with all).
 Agra Mughal Empire
1565 Battle of Talikota Battle
Deccan Sultanates defeat Vijayanagara; Hampi sacked.
Vijayanagara's army was routed and its capital Hampi was sacked.
 Talikota Tuluva Dynasty
1568 Akbar takes Chittorgarh Battle
Chittor fell and Rana Udai Singh moved his capital to Udaipur.
 Chittorgarh Mughal Empire
1571 Fatehpur Sikri founded Founding / accession Fatehpur Sikri Mughal Empire
1573 Akbar conquers Gujarat Conquest / annexation Ahmedabad Mughal Empire
1573 Muhammad Thakurufaanu frees the Maldives Political
The Portuguese were expelled after fifteen years.
 Malé Sultanate of the Maldives
1576 Battle of Haldighati Battle
Maharana Pratap against Akbar's army under Man Singh.
The Mughals held the field but Maharana Pratap escaped to continue resisting.
 Haldighati Mewar (Sisodia)
1576 Battle of Rajmahal: Mughals take Bengal Battle
Daud Khan Karrani was killed and Bengal became a Mughal province.
 Rajmahal Mughal Empire
1580 Akbar organises the empire into subahs Political
The empire was divided into twelve provinces with uniform administration.
 Fatehpur Sikri Mughal Empire
1582 Akbar's Din-i-Ilahi Cultural / religious Fatehpur Sikri Mughal Empire
1586 Mughals annex Kashmir Conquest / annexation Srinagar Mughal Empire
1591 Charminar built Cultural / religious Hyderabad Golconda Sultanate (Qutb Shahi)
1600 East India Company chartered Founding / accession
Royal charter granted in London on 31 December 1600.
 British East India Company

17th century CE

1601 Asirgarh falls to Akbar Conquest / annexation Asirgarh Mughal Empire
1602 Dutch East India Company (VOC) founded Founding / accession Dutch East India Company (VOC) in India
1604 Adi Granth installed at Harmandir Sahib Cultural / religious Amritsar
1605 Death of Akbar Political Agra Mughal Empire
1606 Execution of Guru Arjan Dev Political
Sikhism began to take on a militant character under Guru Hargobind.
 Lahore Mughal Empire
1611 English factory at Masulipatnam Founding / accession
The Company's first factory on the east coast.
 Machilipatnam British East India Company
1612 Battle of Swally Battle
English defeat the Portuguese; Surat factory follows.
The English defeated the Portuguese and won trading rights at Surat.
 Suvali near Surat British East India Company
1615 Sir Thomas Roe at Jahangir's court Political Ajmer Mughal Empire
1616 Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal arrives in Bhutan Founding / accession Punakha Bhutan under the Zhabdrung (Druk Desi)
1628 Shah Jahan becomes emperor Founding / accession Agra Mughal Empire
1632 Taj Mahal construction begins Cultural / religious Agra Mughal Empire
1639 Fort St George founded at Madras Founding / accession Chennai Fort St George, Madras
1646 Last Vijayanagara stronghold falls Decline / collapse Chandragiri Aravidu Dynasty
1648 Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi) inaugurated Founding / accession Delhi Mughal Empire
1653 Taj Mahal completed Cultural / religious Agra Mughal Empire
1656 Dutch take Colombo from the Portuguese Conquest / annexation
Portuguese rule in Sri Lanka ended by 1658.
 Colombo Dutch Ceylon
1658 Aurangzeb becomes emperor Political Delhi Mughal Empire
1659 Shivaji kills Afzal Khan at Pratapgad Battle
Bijapur's army was routed and Shivaji's power grew.
 Pratapgad
1661 Bombay passes to England Treaty
Part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry.
 Mumbai Portuguese Bassein & Bombay
1664 Shivaji sacks Surat Battle Surat
1665 Treaty of Purandar Treaty
Shivaji ceded 23 forts to the Mughals and agreed to attend Aurangzeb's court.
 Purandar
1666 Shivaji escapes from Agra Political Agra
1671 Battle of Saraighat Battle
Lachit Borphukan's Ahom forces defeat the Mughal fleet on the Brahmaputra.
The Ahoms defeated the Mughals, keeping Assam independent.
 Saraighat, Guwahati Ahom Kingdom
1674 Shivaji crowned Chhatrapati Founding / accession Raigad Maratha Empire
1675 Execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur Political Delhi Mughal Empire
1679 Aurangzeb reimposes the jizya Political
Alienated many Rajput and other subjects.
 Delhi Mughal Empire
1680 Death of Shivaji Decline / collapse
His son Sambhaji succeeded him.
 Raigad Maratha Empire
1681 Aurangzeb moves to the Deccan Political Aurangabad Mughal Empire
1686 Mughals annex Bijapur Conquest / annexation
The Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur ended.
 Bijapur Mughal Empire
1687 Mughals annex Golconda Conquest / annexation
The Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda ended.
 Golconda Mughal Empire
1689 Execution of Sambhaji Political Tulapur Maratha Empire
1690 Job Charnock founds Calcutta Founding / accession
Calcutta grew into the capital of British India.
 Sutanuti British East India Company
1699 Guru Gobind Singh founds the Khalsa Cultural / religious Anandpur Sahib

18th century CE

1707 Death of Aurangzeb Political
Beginning of rapid Mughal decline.
 Ahmednagar Mughal Empire
1708 Death of Guru Gobind Singh Decline / collapse
He declared the Guru Granth Sahib the eternal Guru.
 Nanded
1709 Mirwais Hotak's revolt at Kandahar Founding / accession Kandahar Hotak Dynasty
1713 Balaji Vishwanath becomes Peshwa Political Satara Maratha Empire
1716 Execution of Banda Singh Bahadur Political Delhi Mughal Empire
1717 Farrukhsiyar's farman to the East India Company Treaty Delhi Mughal Empire
1720 Baji Rao I becomes Peshwa Political Pune Maratha Empire
1724 Battle of Shakar Kheda: Hyderabad State founded Battle
Nizam-ul-Mulk defeated the Mughal governor and founded Hyderabad State.
 Shakar Kheda Hyderabad State (Nizams)
1737 Baji Rao raids Delhi Battle Delhi Maratha Empire
1739 Nadir Shah sacks Delhi Battle
Peacock Throne and Koh-i-Noor carried off.
Delhi was plundered and the Peacock Throne and Koh-i-Noor taken to Persia.
 Karnal / Delhi Mughal Empire
1741 Battle of Colachel Battle
Travancore defeats the Dutch East India Company.
Travancore defeated the Dutch, ending Dutch ambitions in Kerala.
 Colachel Travancore
1742 Maratha (Bargi) raids on Bengal Battle Murshidabad Nawabs of Bengal
1746 French capture Madras (First Carnatic War) Battle Chennai French India
1747 Ahmad Shah Durrani founds the Durrani Empire Founding / accession Kandahar Durrani Empire
1749 Battle of Ambur Battle
Anwaruddin Khan was killed; Chanda Sahib, backed by the French, took Arcot.
 Ambur Carnatic (Nawabs of Arcot)
1751 Siege of Arcot Battle
Clive's defence of Arcot turned the Second Carnatic War in Britain's favour.
 Arcot Carnatic (Nawabs of Arcot)
1757 Battle of Plassey Battle
Clive defeats Siraj ud-Daulah; Company rule begins in Bengal.
Siraj ud-Daulah was defeated and Mir Jafar became a Company-backed nawab.
 Palashi British East India Company
1760 Battle of Wandiwash Battle
British defeat the French.
French power in India was broken.
 Vandavasi British East India Company
1761 Third Battle of Panipat Battle
Ahmad Shah Durrani defeats the Marathas.
The Marathas were crushed by Ahmad Shah Durrani and their northward expansion checked.
 Panipat Maratha Empire
1764 Battle of Buxar Battle
Company defeats Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula and Shah Alam II.
The Company defeated Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula and Shah Alam II together.
 Buxar British East India Company
1765 Diwani of Bengal granted Treaty
Treaty of Allahabad gives the Company revenue rights over Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
The Company won the right to collect revenue in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
 Allahabad British East India Company
1767 First Anglo-Mysore War Battle Mysore Kingdom of Mysore
1768 Prithvi Narayan Shah conquers Kathmandu Conquest / annexation
Birth of modern Nepal.
Kathmandu became the capital of a unified Nepal.
 Kathmandu Kingdom of Nepal — expansion era
1769 Treaty of Madras Treaty
Ended the First Anglo-Mysore War with mutual restitution of conquests.
 Chennai Kingdom of Mysore
1770 Great Bengal Famine Decline / collapse
Perhaps a third of Bengal's population died.
 Bengal British East India Company
1773 Regulating Act; Warren Hastings Governor-General Political Kolkata British East India Company
1775 First Anglo-Maratha War begins Battle Pune Maratha Empire
1780 Battle of Pollilur Battle
Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan destroyed a Company force under Colonel Baillie.
 Pollilur Kingdom of Mysore
1782 Treaty of Salbai Treaty
The First Anglo-Maratha War ended with a return to the status quo.
 Salbai Scindia State (Gwalior)
1784 Asiatic Society founded Cultural / religious Kolkata British East India Company
1784 Treaty of Mangalore Treaty
Ended the Second Anglo-Mysore War on the basis of mutual restitution.
 Mangaluru Kingdom of Mysore
1792 Treaty of Seringapatam Treaty
Tipu Sultan ceded half his kingdom and gave two sons as hostages.
 Srirangapatna Kingdom of Mysore
1793 Permanent Settlement of Bengal Political Kolkata British East India Company
1795 Battle of Kharda Battle
Last joint Maratha victory, over Hyderabad.
The Marathas defeated the Nizam of Hyderabad.
 Kharda Maratha Empire
1796 British take coastal Ceylon from the Dutch Conquest / annexation
Coastal Sri Lanka passed to Britain, confirmed by the Treaty of Amiens.
 Colombo British Ceylon
1798 Hyderabad accepts the Subsidiary Alliance Treaty
The Nizam became the first ruler to accept Wellesley's system.
 Hyderabad Hyderabad State (Nizams)
1799 Fall of Srirangapatna Battle
Tipu Sultan killed in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.
Tipu Sultan was killed and the Wodeyars were restored as Company allies.
 Srirangapatna Kingdom of Mysore
1799 Ranjit Singh takes Lahore Founding / accession Lahore Sikh Empire

19th century CE

1802 Treaty of Bassein Treaty
Peshwa Baji Rao II accepted the Subsidiary Alliance.
 Vasai Maratha Empire
1803 Battle of Assaye Battle
Second Anglo-Maratha War.
Arthur Wellesley defeated the combined Scindia and Bhonsle armies.
 Assaye British East India Company
1803 British capture Delhi Conquest / annexation
The Mughal emperor came under British protection.
 Delhi British East India Company
1806 Vellore mutiny Political Vellore British East India Company
1809 Treaty of Amritsar fixes the Sutlej frontier Treaty
Ranjit Singh agreed not to expand south of the Sutlej.
 Amritsar Sikh Empire
1814 Anglo-Nepal War: siege of Nalapani Battle
The Gorkha garrison under Balbhadra Kunwar held out before withdrawing.
 Nalapani, Dehradun Kingdom of Nepal — expansion era
1815 Kandyan Convention Treaty
The whole of Sri Lanka passes to British rule.
The Kandyan kingdom ended and all Sri Lanka came under British rule.
 Kandy Kingdom of Kandy
1816 Treaty of Sugauli Treaty
Fixes most of Nepal's modern borders.
Nepal ceded Kumaon, Garhwal and the Terai and accepted a British resident.
 Sugauli Kingdom of Nepal
1817 Battle of Khadki Battle
The Peshwa's army was defeated near Pune.
 Khadki Maratha Empire
1818 Third Anglo-Maratha War ends Decline / collapse
Peshwa deposed; the Company becomes paramount.
The Peshwa's territories were annexed and the Company became the paramount power.
 Pune Maratha Empire
1824 Kittur revolt against the Company Battle
Rani Chennamma won an early victory but was captured in a second assault.
 Kittur
1826 Treaty of Yandabo Treaty
Assam passes to the British after the Burmese occupation.
Burma ceded Assam, Manipur, Arakan and Tenasserim to the Company.
 Assam Ahom Kingdom
1828 Brahmo Samaj founded Cultural / religious Kolkata British East India Company
1829 Sati abolished Political Kolkata British East India Company
1835 English Education Act Political Kolkata British East India Company
1839 Death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Decline / collapse Lahore Sikh Empire
1839 First Anglo-Afghan War begins Battle
Shah Shuja was installed in Kabul, but British forces were destroyed in 1842.
 Kabul Emirate of Afghanistan
1842 British retreat from Kabul Battle
Almost the entire retreating British column was annihilated.
 Gandamak Emirate of Afghanistan
1843 Annexation of Sindh Conquest / annexation
Sindh was annexed after the Battle of Miani.
 Hyderabad (Sindh) British East India Company
1845 First Anglo-Sikh War Battle
The Sikhs ceded the Jullundur Doab and paid an indemnity.
 Ferozeshah Sikh Empire
1846 Jammu & Kashmir granted to Gulab Singh Treaty
The Dogra-ruled princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was created.
 Amritsar
1846 Kot massacre; Rana rule begins in Nepal Political
Jung Bahadur Rana seized power and Rana prime ministers ruled for 104 years.
 Kathmandu Kingdom of Nepal
1848 Doctrine of Lapse applied to Satara Political
Satara was annexed because its ruler died without a natural heir.
 Satara British East India Company
1849 Punjab annexed Conquest / annexation
After the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
The Sikh Empire ended and Maharaja Duleep Singh was pensioned off.
 Lahore British East India Company
1853 First passenger railway: Bombay to Thane Cultural / religious Mumbai British East India Company
1855 Santhal Hul (rebellion) Political
Led by Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu.
Suppressed in 1856; the Santhal Parganas district was created.
 Santhal Pargana British East India Company
1856 Awadh annexed Conquest / annexation
Wajid Ali Shah was deposed on the charge of misgovernance.
 Lucknow British East India Company
1856 Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act Political
Remarriage of Hindu widows was legalised.
 Kolkata British East India Company
1857 Revolt of 1857 begins at Meerut Political
Spreads to Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi and beyond.
The revolt was suppressed by 1858 and Company rule was ended.
 Meerut
1857 Mangal Pandey's attack at Barrackpore Political
Mangal Pandey was hanged; his regiment was disbanded.
 Barrackpore British East India Company
1857 Rebels proclaim Bahadur Shah Zafar emperor Political
Delhi became the centre of the revolt until retaken in September 1857.
 Delhi
1858 Government of India Act — Crown rule begins Political
Company rule ends; Queen's Proclamation.
The Crown took over India, governed by a Viceroy and a Secretary of State.
 British Raj (Crown Rule)
1858 Rani Lakshmibai falls at Gwalior Battle Gwalior
1859 Indigo revolt in Bengal Political
The Indigo Commission of 1860 ended forced indigo cultivation.
 Nadia British Raj (Crown Rule)
1869 Birth of Mahatma Gandhi Cultural / religious Porbandar
1872 First census of British India Political British Raj (Crown Rule)
1875 Arya Samaj and Aligarh (MAO) College founded Cultural / religious Aligarh British Raj (Crown Rule)
1876 Indian Association founded Political Kolkata British Raj (Crown Rule)
1877 Delhi Durbar: Victoria proclaimed Empress of India Political Delhi British Raj (Crown Rule)
1878 Second Anglo-Afghan War Battle Kabul Emirate of Afghanistan
1878 Vernacular Press Act Political
Indian-language newspapers were curbed; repealed in 1881.
 British Raj (Crown Rule)
1883 Ilbert Bill controversy Political
European opposition forced the bill to be diluted, stirring Indian nationalism.
 Kolkata British Raj (Crown Rule)
1885 Indian National Congress founded Political
It became the principal organisation of the freedom movement.
 Mumbai British Raj (Crown Rule)
1887 Maldives becomes a British protectorate Treaty Malé Sultanate of the Maldives
1893 Durand Line agreed Treaty
Boundary between British India and Afghanistan.
The frontier between British India and Afghanistan was fixed.
 Khyber Pass Emirate of Afghanistan
1899 Birsa Munda's Ulgulan Political
Birsa died in custody in 1900; the Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act followed in 1908.
 Ranchi British Raj (Crown Rule)

20th century CE

1905 Partition of Bengal Political
Triggers the Swadeshi movement; reversed in 1911.
It triggered the Swadeshi movement and was annulled in 1911.
 Kolkata British Raj (Crown Rule)
1905 Swadeshi movement launched Political
Boycott of British goods and promotion of Indian industry.
 Kolkata British Raj (Crown Rule)
1906 All-India Muslim League founded Political Dhaka British Raj (Crown Rule)
1907 Ugyen Wangchuck becomes first King of Bhutan Founding / accession Punakha Kingdom of Bhutan
1907 Surat split of the Congress Political
The Congress divided into Moderates and Extremists.
 Surat British Raj (Crown Rule)
1908 Khudiram Bose executed Political Muzaffarpur British Raj (Crown Rule)
1909 Morley-Minto Reforms Political
Separate electorates for Muslims were introduced.
 British Raj (Crown Rule)
1911 Capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi Political Delhi British Raj (Crown Rule)
1911 Delhi Durbar annuls the Partition of Bengal Political
Bengal was reunited and the capital moved to Delhi.
 Delhi British Raj (Crown Rule)
1913 Rabindranath Tagore wins the Nobel Prize Cultural / religious Santiniketan British Raj (Crown Rule)
1913 Ghadar Party founded Political
Founded in San Francisco by Indian emigrants.
1915 Gandhi returns to India Political Mumbai British Raj (Crown Rule)
1916 Lucknow Pact Treaty
The Congress and the Muslim League agreed on joint constitutional demands.
 Lucknow British Raj (Crown Rule)
1916 Home Rule Leagues launched Political
Led by Tilak and Annie Besant.
 Pune British Raj (Crown Rule)
1917 Champaran Satyagraha Political Champaran British Raj (Crown Rule)
1918 Kheda Satyagraha Political
Revenue collection was suspended for the poorest farmers.
 Kheda British Raj (Crown Rule)
1918 Ahmedabad mill strike Political
Gandhi's fast won the workers a 35 per cent wage increase.
 Ahmedabad British Raj (Crown Rule)
1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre Political
Nationwide outrage followed and Tagore renounced his knighthood.
 Amritsar British Raj (Crown Rule)
1919 Third Anglo-Afghan War; Afghan independence Political
The Treaty of Rawalpindi recognised Afghanistan's control of its foreign affairs.
 Kabul Emirate of Afghanistan
1919 Rowlatt Act Political
Allowed detention without trial.
Gandhi called a nationwide Rowlatt Satyagraha.
 British Raj (Crown Rule)
1919 Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms Political
Dyarchy was introduced in the provinces.
 British Raj (Crown Rule)
1920 Non-Cooperation Movement Political British Raj (Crown Rule)
1920 Khilafat Movement Political
Joined with Non-Cooperation in a united Hindu-Muslim struggle.
 British Raj (Crown Rule)
1922 Chauri Chaura incident Political Chauri Chaura British Raj (Crown Rule)
1923 Swaraj Party founded Political
Nationalists contested legislative elections to wreck them from within.
 Allahabad British Raj (Crown Rule)
1925 Kakori train action Political
Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri and Roshan Singh were hanged.
 Kakori British Raj (Crown Rule)
1928 Simon Commission boycotted Political
The all-British commission met with 'Simon Go Back' protests.
Lala Lajpat Rai died after a police lathi-charge.
 Lahore British Raj (Crown Rule)
1928 Nehru Report Political
Proposed dominion status; rejected by the Muslim League.
 British Raj (Crown Rule)
1928 Bardoli Satyagraha Political
The revenue hike was rolled back and Vallabhbhai Patel was hailed as 'Sardar'.
 Bardoli British Raj (Crown Rule)
1929 Purna Swaraj resolution at Lahore Political Lahore British Raj (Crown Rule)
1929 Central Legislative Assembly bombing Political
Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt courted arrest.
 Delhi British Raj (Crown Rule)
1930 Salt March to Dandi Political
Civil Disobedience movement begins.
Gandhi broke the salt law, launching the Civil Disobedience Movement.
 Dandi British Raj (Crown Rule)
1930 Chittagong armoury raid Political
Led by Surya Sen.
 Chittagong British Raj (Crown Rule)
1931 Gandhi-Irwin Pact Treaty Delhi British Raj (Crown Rule)
1931 Execution of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru Political Lahore British Raj (Crown Rule)
1931 Karachi Congress resolution on Fundamental Rights Political Karachi British Raj (Crown Rule)
1932 Poona Pact Treaty Pune British Raj (Crown Rule)
1932 Communal Award Political
Gandhi's fast against separate electorates for Depressed Classes led to the Poona Pact.
 British Raj (Crown Rule)
1935 Government of India Act 1935 Political British Raj (Crown Rule)
1937 Provincial elections under the 1935 Act Political
The Congress formed ministries in most provinces.
 British Raj (Crown Rule)
1939 Congress ministries resign Political
Protest at India being declared at war without consultation.
 British Raj (Crown Rule)
1940 Lahore Resolution Political Lahore British Raj (Crown Rule)
1942 Quit India Movement Political
Congress leaders were jailed, but the movement showed British rule was untenable.
 Mumbai British Raj (Crown Rule)
1942 Cripps Mission Political
Its offer of post-war dominion status was rejected.
 Delhi British Raj (Crown Rule)
1943 Bengal famine Decline / collapse Bengal British Raj (Crown Rule)
1944 Battles of Imphal and Kohima Battle
The INA fought alongside Japanese forces.
Allied victory; the Japanese and INA were forced to retreat.
 Kohima British Raj (Crown Rule)
1945 INA trials at the Red Fort Political
Public outrage led to the sentences being remitted.
 Delhi British Raj (Crown Rule)
1945 Simla Conference Political
Failed over the League's claim to nominate all Muslim members.
 Shimla British Raj (Crown Rule)
1946 Royal Indian Navy mutiny Political Mumbai British Raj (Crown Rule)
1946 Direct Action Day riots Political Kolkata British Raj (Crown Rule)
1946 Cabinet Mission Political
Proposed a three-tier federation that ultimately failed.
 Delhi British Raj (Crown Rule)
1946 Constituent Assembly first meets Political
Sachchidananda Sinha presided; Rajendra Prasad was elected permanent chairman.
 New Delhi British Raj (Crown Rule)
1947 Independence and Partition Founding / accession
India becomes independent on 15 August 1947.
India and Pakistan became independent dominions amid mass migration and violence.
 New Delhi Dominion of India
1947 Pakistan comes into being Founding / accession
14 August 1947.
 Karachi Pakistan (West & East)
1947 First Kashmir war Battle Srinagar
1947 Mountbatten Plan Political
Announced on 3 June 1947.
British India was to be partitioned into India and Pakistan.
 New Delhi British Raj (Crown Rule)
1948 Hyderabad integrated (Operation Polo) Political
The Nizam surrendered and Hyderabad joined the Indian Union.
 Hyderabad Dominion of India
1948 Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi Political Delhi Dominion of India
1948 Ceylon becomes independent Founding / accession Colombo Dominion of Ceylon
1949 Constitution of India adopted Political
26 November 1949.
 New Delhi Dominion of India
1950 Constitution comes into force Founding / accession
India becomes a Republic on 26 January 1950.
India became a republic with Rajendra Prasad as its first President.
 New Delhi Republic of India
1951 Democracy restored in Nepal Political Kathmandu Kingdom of Nepal
1951 India's first general election (1951–52) Political New Delhi Republic of India
1952 Bengali Language Movement Political Dhaka Pakistan (West & East)
1953 First ascent of Everest Cultural / religious
Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary.
 Mount Everest Kingdom of Nepal
1953 Andhra State formed Political
It became the first state formed on a linguistic basis.
 Kurnool Republic of India
1954 French settlements transferred to India Political Puducherry Republic of India
1954 Panchsheel agreement with China Treaty Republic of India
1956 States Reorganisation Act Political
States reorganised on linguistic lines.
States were reorganised largely on linguistic lines into 14 states and 6 union territories.
 Republic of India
1956 Pakistan becomes an Islamic Republic Political Karachi Pakistan (West & East)
1956 Sinhala Only Act Political Colombo Dominion of Ceylon
1958 Ayub Khan's coup Political Karachi Pakistan (West & East)
1959 The Dalai Lama takes refuge in India Political Tawang Republic of India
1960 Indus Waters Treaty Treaty Karachi
1960 Bombay State split into Maharashtra and Gujarat Political Mumbai Republic of India
1961 Goa liberated Political
End of Portuguese rule in India.
Portuguese rule ended and Goa, Daman and Diu joined India.
 Goa Republic of India
1962 Sino-Indian War Battle
China declared a ceasefire after advancing in the east and in Aksai Chin.
 Tawang Republic of India
1964 Death of Jawaharlal Nehru Political New Delhi Republic of India
1965 Maldives becomes independent Founding / accession Malé Sultanate of the Maldives
1965 Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Battle
The war ended in a UN-backed ceasefire.
 Lahore sector Republic of India
1966 Tashkent Declaration Treaty
India and Pakistan withdrew to pre-war positions.
 Republic of India
1967 Naxalbari uprising Political Naxalbari Republic of India
1968 Maldives becomes a republic Founding / accession Malé Republic of Maldives
1969 ISRO founded Cultural / religious Bengaluru Republic of India
1969 Nationalisation of 14 major banks Political Republic of India
1971 Bangladesh Liberation War Battle
Bangladesh became an independent nation.
 Eastern front Republic of India
1971 Independence of Bangladesh Founding / accession Dhaka People's Republic of Bangladesh
1971 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Battle
Pakistan's Eastern Command surrendered on 16 December 1971.
 Dhaka Republic of India
1972 Simla Agreement Treaty
India and Pakistan agreed to settle disputes bilaterally and respect the Line of Control.
 Shimla Republic of India
1972 Ceylon becomes the Republic of Sri Lanka Political Colombo Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
1973 Afghan monarchy ends Political Kabul Afghanistan
1974 Smiling Buddha nuclear test Political Pokhran Republic of India
1975 Sikkim becomes a state of India Political
The Chogyal monarchy was abolished after a referendum.
 Gangtok Republic of India
1975 The Emergency declared in India Political New Delhi Republic of India
1977 Emergency lifted; Janata Party wins Political
Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress Prime Minister.
 New Delhi Republic of India
1979 Soviet intervention in Afghanistan Battle Kabul Afghanistan
1983 Sri Lankan civil war begins Battle Jaffna Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
1984 Bhopal gas tragedy Decline / collapse Bhopal Republic of India
1984 Operation Blue Star Battle Amritsar Republic of India
1984 Assassination of Indira Gandhi Political
Rajiv Gandhi became Prime Minister.
 New Delhi Republic of India
1984 Rakesh Sharma flies to space Cultural / religious Republic of India
1985 SAARC founded at Dhaka Founding / accession
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka; Afghanistan joined in 2007.
 Dhaka
1987 Indo-Sri Lanka Accord Treaty
The IPKF was sent to Sri Lanka and provincial councils were created.
 Colombo Republic of India
1988 Benazir Bhutto becomes Prime Minister Political Islamabad Islamic Republic of Pakistan
1989 Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan Political Kabul Afghanistan
1990 Jana Andolan restores democracy in Nepal Political Kathmandu Kingdom of Nepal
1991 Economic liberalisation Political
The licence raj was dismantled and India opened to foreign investment.
 Republic of India
1991 Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi Political Sriperumbudur Republic of India
1992 Panchayati Raj amendments (73rd and 74th) Political
Constitutional status for panchayats and municipalities.
 Republic of India
1996 Civil war begins in Nepal Battle Rolpa Kingdom of Nepal
1998 Pokhran-II nuclear tests Political
India declared itself a nuclear-weapons state.
 Pokhran Republic of India
1998 Chagai nuclear tests Political Chagai Islamic Republic of Pakistan
1999 Kargil War Battle
India recaptured the heights that had been occupied.
 Kargil Republic of India
2000 Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand created Political Republic of India

21st century CE

2001 Bamiyan Buddhas destroyed Decline / collapse Bamiyan Afghanistan
2001 Attack on the Indian Parliament Political New Delhi Republic of India
2004 Indian Ocean tsunami Decline / collapse
Devastated coasts of Sri Lanka, India and the Maldives.
 Galle
2005 Right to Information Act Political Republic of India
2006 Comprehensive Peace Accord in Nepal Treaty Kathmandu Kingdom of Nepal
2007 Afghanistan joins SAARC Political New Delhi Afghanistan
2008 Bhutan becomes a constitutional monarchy Political Thimphu Kingdom of Bhutan
2008 Nepal becomes a republic Founding / accession Kathmandu Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
2008 Mumbai terror attacks Political Mumbai Republic of India
2008 Chandrayaan-1 launched Cultural / religious
It helped confirm water molecules on the Moon.
 Sriharikota Republic of India
2009 End of the Sri Lankan civil war Treaty
The LTTE was militarily defeated.
 Mullaitivu Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
2014 Mangalyaan reaches Mars orbit Cultural / religious Bengaluru Republic of India
2014 Telangana becomes India's 29th state Political Hyderabad Republic of India
2015 Gorkha earthquake Decline / collapse Gorkha Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
2016 Demonetisation of 500 and 1000 rupee notes Political Republic of India
2017 Goods and Services Tax introduced Political Republic of India
2019 Article 370 revoked Political Srinagar Republic of India
2021 Taliban take control of Kabul Political Kabul Afghanistan
2022 Sri Lankan economic crisis and Aragalaya protests Political Colombo Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
2023 Chandrayaan-3 lands near the lunar south pole Cultural / religious
India became the first country to land near the Moon's south pole.
 Sriharikota (launch) Republic of India
2023 G20 summit in New Delhi Political
The African Union became a permanent G20 member.
 New Delhi Republic of India
2024 Student-led uprising; Sheikh Hasina resigns Political Dhaka People's Republic of Bangladesh