YugMap Bharat, artharth India
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Society

Kinship and caste, village life, women's voices and the reform movements.

  1. c. 1000 BCE onwards🏺 Ancient

    Gotra rules

    Each gotra was named after a Vedic seer; women were expected to take their husband's gotra, and members of the same gotra could not marry.

    πŸ—Ί Map in 1,000 BCE πŸ“˜ NCERT Class 12, Kinship, Caste and Class β†—
  2. c. 500 BCE onwards🏺 Ancient

    The Mahabharata

    A colossal epic of over 100,000 verses, composed over about 1,000 years.

    πŸ—Ί Map in 500 BCE πŸ“š Literature πŸ“˜ NCERT Class 12, Kinship, Caste and Class β†—
  3. c. 500 BCE – 200 CE🏺 Ancient

    Dharmasutras and the Manusmriti

    From c. 500 BCE social norms were compiled in the Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras; the most important, the Manusmriti, was compiled between c. 200 BCE and 200 CE. Real social relations were probably more complicated.

    πŸ—Ί Map in 500 BCE βš– Laws & legal texts πŸ“˜ NCERT Class 12, Kinship, Caste and Class β†—
  4. Early historic period🏺 Ancient

    Guilds (shrenis)

    Guilds of craft producers and merchants probably procured raw materials, regulated production and marketed finished goods.

    πŸ—Ί Map in 450 BCE 🌾 Economy & trade πŸ“˜ NCERT Class 12, Kings, Farmers and Towns β†—
  5. Asoka's reign🏺 Ancient

    Officers of dhamma

    Asoka appointed special officers, the dhamma mahamatta, to spread the message of dhamma.

    πŸ—Ί Map in 250 BCE πŸ› Administration πŸ“˜ NCERT Class 12, Kings, Farmers and Towns β†—
  6. c. first century CE🏺 Ancient

    Tamil Sangam poems

    Anthologies such as the Puranaruru describe chiefs and their bards, and illuminate social and economic life.

    πŸ—Ί Map in 100 CE πŸ“š Literature πŸ“˜ NCERT Class 12, Kinship, Caste and Class β†—
  7. Sangam age🏺 Ancient

    Landowners, ploughmen and slaves

    Sangam texts name different groups in the villages β€” large landowners (vellalar), ploughmen (uzhavar) and slaves (adimai).

    πŸ—Ί Map in 100 CE 🌾 Economy & trade πŸ“˜ NCERT Class 12, Kings, Farmers and Towns β†—
  8. Alvar tradition🏰 Medieval

    The β€˜Tamil Veda’ and Andal

    The Alvars' anthology, the Nalayira Divyaprabandham, was described as the Tamil Veda; the songs of Andal, a woman Alvar, are still sung.

    πŸ‘€ Andal πŸ—Ί Map in 800 CE πŸ“š Literature πŸ“˜ NCERT Class 12, Bhakti-Sufi Traditions β†—
  9. Twelfth century🏰 Medieval

    Basavanna and the Lingayats

    Basavanna's followers, the Virashaivas or Lingayats, remain an important community in the region; his vachanas question empty ritual.

    πŸ‘€ Basavanna πŸ—Ί Map in 1150 πŸ“š Literature πŸ“˜ NCERT Class 12, Bhakti-Sufi Traditions β†—
  10. Mughal period🏰 Medieval

    Raiyat, kisan and zamindar

    Mughal-era Indo-Persian sources most often called a peasant raiyat; the Ain-i Akbari records how the state organised cultivation and collected revenue.

    πŸ—Ί Map in 1600 🌾 Economy & trade πŸ“˜ NCERT Class 12, Peasants, Zamindars and the State β†—
  11. 1829🏭 Modern

    Sati banned

    After Rammohun Roy's campaign, which cited ancient texts against the practice, sati was banned in 1829.

    πŸ“… Sati abolished πŸ—Ί Map in 1829 βš– Laws & legal texts πŸ“˜ NCERT Class 8, Women, Caste and Reform β†—
  12. By 1832🏭 Modern

    Damin-i-Koh: the hoe and the plough

    The British demarcated Damin-i-Koh as the land of the Santhals, who cleared forests for plough agriculture; the Paharias, who used the hoe for shifting cultivation, retreated deeper into the Rajmahal hills.

    πŸ“… Santhal Hul (rebellion) πŸ—Ί Map in 1832 🌳 Environment & land πŸ“˜ NCERT Class 12, Colonialism and the Countryside β†—
  13. 1835 and 1854🏭 Modern

    English Education Act and Wood's Despatch

    The 1835 Act made English the medium of higher education; Wood's Despatch of 1854 set out an educational policy stressing European learning.

    πŸ“… English Education Act πŸ—Ί Map in 1835 βš– Laws & legal texts πŸ“˜ NCERT Class 8, Civilising the 'Native', Educating the Nation β†—
  14. Nineteenth century🏭 Modern

    Jhum cultivation

    Many tribal communities practised jhum (shifting) cultivation on small forest patches, cutting treetops and burning vegetation to clear the land.

    🌳 Environment & land πŸ“˜ NCERT Class 8, Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age β†—
  15. 1856🏭 Modern

    Widow remarriage made legal

    Vidyasagar's proposal was adopted, and a law of 1856 permitted widow remarriage.

    πŸ‘€ Ishwar Chandra VidyasagarπŸ“… Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act πŸ—Ί Map in 1856 βš– Laws & legal texts πŸ“˜ NCERT Class 8, Women, Caste and Reform β†—
  16. Late 19th century🏭 Modern

    Schools for girls

    In the later nineteenth century the Arya Samaj in Punjab and Jyotirao Phule in Maharashtra set up schools for girls.

    πŸ‘€ Jyotirao Phule πŸ—Ί Map in 1870 πŸ“˜ NCERT Class 8, Women, Caste and Reform β†—
  17. 1930s🏭 Modern

    Hindustani for the nation?

    By the 1930s the Congress had accepted Hindustani β€” a blend of Hindi and Urdu β€” as the national language, and Gandhi wanted a language common people could understand.

    πŸ—Ί Map in 1935 ✍ Scripts πŸ“˜ NCERT Class 12, Framing the Constitution β†—

How we check: each entry is written from a passage in the NCERT chapter it links to, and our build fails unless key phrases from that passage are found in the chapter’s own text. Dates appear only where the chapter gives them.