Textbook
Themes in Indian History, Parts I–III (Class 12)
Source-based chapters on Harappa, Vijayanagara, the Mughal court and 1857 — essential for UPSC.
Mumtaz Mahal
Queen / royal
Mughal Empire
1593 – 1631
Shah Jahan's wife in whose memory the Taj Mahal was built.
Their world
Move along the chart to see their age in any year, who ruled and what happened; click anything to open it.
The map shows Mughal Empire around their lifetime and where the events of their lifetime took place.
Hover a dot for the event; click it to open the full map in that year.
Rulers of the time
Kujula Kadphises
Emperor, Kushan Empire · c. 30 CE – c. 80 CE
Vima Taktu
Emperor, Kushan Empire · c. 80 CE – c. 95 CE
Huvishka
Emperor, Kushan Empire · c. 150 CE – c. 190 CE
Yajna Sri Satakarni
King, Satavahana Empire · c. 170 CE – c. 199 CE
Vasudeva I
Emperor, Kushan Empire · c. 190 CE – c. 230 CE
Sri Gupta
Maharaja, Gupta Empire · c. 240 CE – c. 280 CE
Mahasena
King, Anuradhapura Kingdom · c. 274 CE – c. 301 CE
Ghatotkacha
Maharaja, Gupta Empire · c. 280 CE – c. 319 CE
Chandragupta I
Maharajadhiraja, Gupta Empire · c. 319 CE – c. 335 CE
Samudragupta
Maharajadhiraja, Gupta Empire · c. 335 CE – c. 375 CE
Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya)
Maharajadhiraja, Gupta Empire · c. 375 CE – c. 415 CE
Kumaragupta I
Maharajadhiraja, Gupta Empire · c. 415 CE – c. 455 CE
Skandagupta
Maharajadhiraja, Gupta Empire · c. 455 CE – c. 467 CE
Dhatusena
King, Anuradhapura Kingdom · c. 455 CE – c. 473 CE
Budhagupta
Maharajadhiraja, Gupta Empire · c. 477 CE – c. 495 CE
Kashyapa I
King, Anuradhapura Kingdom · c. 477 CE – c. 495 CE
Pulakeshin I
King, Chalukyas of Badami · c. 543 CE – c. 566 CE
Kirtivarman I
King, Chalukyas of Badami · c. 566 CE – c. 597 CE
Simhavishnu
King, Pallava Dynasty · c. 575 CE – c. 600 CE
Prabhakaravardhana
King, Pushyabhuti (Vardhana) Dynasty · c. 580 CE – c. 605 CE
Mangalesha
King, Chalukyas of Badami · c. 597 CE – c. 609 CE
Mahendravarman I
King, Pallava Dynasty · c. 600 CE – c. 630 CE
Rajyavardhana
King, Pushyabhuti (Vardhana) Dynasty · 605 CE – 606 CE
Harshavardhana
Emperor, Pushyabhuti (Vardhana) Dynasty · 606 CE – 647 CE
Events in their lifetime
| 1600 | East India Company chartered |
| 1601 | Asirgarh falls to Akbar |
| 1602 | Dutch East India Company (VOC) founded |
| 1604 | Adi Granth installed at Harmandir Sahib |
| 1605 | Death of Akbar |
| 1606 | Execution of Guru Arjan Dev Sikhism began to take on a militant character under Guru Hargobind. |
| 1611 | English factory at Masulipatnam |
| 1612 | Battle of Swally The English defeated the Portuguese and won trading rights at Surat. |
| 1615 | Sir Thomas Roe at Jahangir's court |
| 1616 | Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal arrives in Bhutan |
| 1628 | Shah Jahan becomes emperor |
Contemporaries
Sorted by how long their lives overlapped. The bar shows when, within Mumtaz Mahal’s life.
Nur Jahan
Statesman / administrator · 1577 – 1645
Jahangir's empress and the power behind his throne
Overlap: 38 years
Sir Thomas Roe
Traveller / envoy · 1581 – 1644
English ambassador to the court of Jahangir
Overlap: 38 years
Ustad Ahmad Lahauri
Artist / musician · died c. 1649
Architect traditionally credited with designing the Taj Mahal
Overlap: 38 years
Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan
Poet / writer · 1556 – 1627
Poet of the Rahim ke dohe and general of Akbar
Overlap: 34 years
Jijabai
Queen / royal · 1598 – 1674
Mother and mentor of Shivaji
Overlap: 33 years
Tulsidas
Poet / writer · c. 1532 – c. 1623
Author of the Ramcharitmanas
Overlap: 30 years
Muhammad Qasim Ferishta
Scholar / historian · c. 1560 – c. 1620
Historian of the Deccan who wrote the Tarikh-i-Ferishta
Overlap: 27 years
Jean-Baptiste Tavernier
Traveller / envoy · 1605 – 1689
French gem merchant who described the diamonds of Golconda
Overlap: 26 years
Sant Tukaram
Saint / religious leader · c. 1608 – c. 1650
Marathi Varkari saint-poet of the abhangas
Overlap: 23 years
Samarth Ramdas
Saint / religious leader · 1608 – 1681
Saint who wrote the Dasbodh
Overlap: 23 years
Abdul Qadir Badayuni
Scholar / historian · c. 1540 – c. 1615
Historian who wrote the Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh
Overlap: 22 years
Tanaji Malusare
General / commander · died 1670
Maratha commander who died capturing Kondhana (Sinhagad)
Overlap: 21 years
Jahanara Begum
Queen / royal · 1614 – 1681
Shah Jahan's eldest daughter and Padshah Begum
Overlap: 17 years
Dara Shikoh
Scholar / historian · 1615 – 1659
Mughal prince who translated the Upanishads into Persian
Overlap: 16 years
Guru Arjan Dev
Saint / religious leader · 1563 – 1606
Fifth Sikh Guru who compiled the Adi Granth
Overlap: 13 years
François Bernier
Traveller / envoy · 1620 – 1688
French physician who wrote Travels in the Mogul Empire
Overlap: 11 years
Gulbadan Begum
Scholar / historian · 1523 – 1603
Babur's daughter who wrote the Humayun-nama
Overlap: 10 years
Guru Tegh Bahadur
Saint / religious leader · 1621 – 1675
Ninth Sikh Guru executed in Delhi in 1675
Overlap: 10 years
📚 Recommended reading
Textbook
History of Medieval India
The go-to single volume on the Sultanate, Mughals and regional kingdoms.
Reference
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (2 vols)
The detailed two-volume treatment for readers who want more than the single-volume textbook.
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