⛰ Mountains & hills · Northern and North-eastern Mountains
The Himalayas
Maps show India’s boundaries as officially depicted by the Government of India. Rivers, ranges and regions are drawn from Natural Earth’s public-domain data and are approximate.
Young, weak and flexible mountains, tectonic in origin and still shaped by faults and folds; their fast rivers cut gorges, V-shaped valleys, rapids and waterfalls. The ranges run north-west to south-east in north-western India, east–west in Darjiling and Sikkim, and north–south in Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram. With the other ranges they were a formidable barrier: only a few passes — the Khyber, Bolan, Shipki La, Nathu La and Bomdi La — let people cross.
📘 NCERT Class 11, India: Physical Environment, Ch. 2 (Structure and Physiography) ↗
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How we check: every fact is written from NCERT Class 11, India: Physical Environment (chapters 1–3), and our build fails unless key phrases from each passage are found in the chapter’s own text. Lengths, heights and areas are given only as NCERT gives them. Shapes come from Natural Earth’s public-domain physical data; features with no reliable map data are described but not drawn.