Textbook
History of Modern India
The old-NCERT modern India classic, from the decline of the Mughals to independence.
Jyotirao Phule
Social reformer
British Raj (Crown Rule)
1827 – 1890
Founder of the Satyashodhak Samaj.
Their world
Move along the chart to see their age in any year, who ruled and what happened; click anything to open it.
The map shows British Raj (Crown Rule) around their lifetime and where the events of their lifetime took place.
Hover a dot for the event; click it to open the full map in that year.
Rulers of the time
Kujula Kadphises
Emperor, Kushan Empire · c. 30 CE – c. 80 CE
Vima Taktu
Emperor, Kushan Empire · c. 80 CE – c. 95 CE
Huvishka
Emperor, Kushan Empire · c. 150 CE – c. 190 CE
Yajna Sri Satakarni
King, Satavahana Empire · c. 170 CE – c. 199 CE
Vasudeva I
Emperor, Kushan Empire · c. 190 CE – c. 230 CE
Sri Gupta
Maharaja, Gupta Empire · c. 240 CE – c. 280 CE
Mahasena
King, Anuradhapura Kingdom · c. 274 CE – c. 301 CE
Ghatotkacha
Maharaja, Gupta Empire · c. 280 CE – c. 319 CE
Chandragupta I
Maharajadhiraja, Gupta Empire · c. 319 CE – c. 335 CE
Samudragupta
Maharajadhiraja, Gupta Empire · c. 335 CE – c. 375 CE
Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya)
Maharajadhiraja, Gupta Empire · c. 375 CE – c. 415 CE
Kumaragupta I
Maharajadhiraja, Gupta Empire · c. 415 CE – c. 455 CE
Skandagupta
Maharajadhiraja, Gupta Empire · c. 455 CE – c. 467 CE
Dhatusena
King, Anuradhapura Kingdom · c. 455 CE – c. 473 CE
Budhagupta
Maharajadhiraja, Gupta Empire · c. 477 CE – c. 495 CE
Kashyapa I
King, Anuradhapura Kingdom · c. 477 CE – c. 495 CE
Pulakeshin I
King, Chalukyas of Badami · c. 543 CE – c. 566 CE
Kirtivarman I
King, Chalukyas of Badami · c. 566 CE – c. 597 CE
Simhavishnu
King, Pallava Dynasty · c. 575 CE – c. 600 CE
Prabhakaravardhana
King, Pushyabhuti (Vardhana) Dynasty · c. 580 CE – c. 605 CE
Mangalesha
King, Chalukyas of Badami · c. 597 CE – c. 609 CE
Mahendravarman I
King, Pallava Dynasty · c. 600 CE – c. 630 CE
Rajyavardhana
King, Pushyabhuti (Vardhana) Dynasty · 605 CE – 606 CE
Harshavardhana
Emperor, Pushyabhuti (Vardhana) Dynasty · 606 CE – 647 CE
Events in their lifetime
| 1828 | Brahmo Samaj founded |
| 1829 | Sati abolished |
| 1835 | English Education Act |
| 1839 | First Anglo-Afghan War begins Shah Shuja was installed in Kabul, but British forces were destroyed in 1842. |
| 1839 | Death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh |
| 1842 | British retreat from Kabul Almost the entire retreating British column was annihilated. |
| 1843 | Annexation of Sindh Sindh was annexed after the Battle of Miani. |
| 1845 | First Anglo-Sikh War The Sikhs ceded the Jullundur Doab and paid an indemnity. |
| 1846 | Jammu & Kashmir granted to Gulab Singh The Dogra-ruled princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was created. |
| 1846 | Kot massacre; Rana rule begins in Nepal Jung Bahadur Rana seized power and Rana prime ministers ruled for 104 years. |
| 1848 | Doctrine of Lapse applied to Satara Satara was annexed because its ruler died without a natural heir. |
| 1849 | Punjab annexed The Sikh Empire ended and Maharaja Duleep Singh was pensioned off. |
| 1853 | First passenger railway: Bombay to Thane |
| 1855 | Santhal Hul (rebellion) Suppressed in 1856; the Santhal Parganas district was created. |
| 1856 | Awadh annexed Wajid Ali Shah was deposed on the charge of misgovernance. |
| 1856 | Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act Remarriage of Hindu widows was legalised. |
| 1857 | Revolt of 1857 begins at Meerut The revolt was suppressed by 1858 and Company rule was ended. |
| 1857 | Mangal Pandey's attack at Barrackpore Mangal Pandey was hanged; his regiment was disbanded. |
| 1857 | Rebels proclaim Bahadur Shah Zafar emperor Delhi became the centre of the revolt until retaken in September 1857. |
| 1858 | Government of India Act — Crown rule begins The Crown took over India, governed by a Viceroy and a Secretary of State. |
| 1858 | Rani Lakshmibai falls at Gwalior |
| 1859 | Indigo revolt in Bengal The Indigo Commission of 1860 ended forced indigo cultivation. |
| 1869 | Birth of Mahatma Gandhi |
| 1872 | First census of British India |
| 1875 | Arya Samaj and Aligarh (MAO) College founded |
| 1876 | Indian Association founded |
| 1877 | Delhi Durbar: Victoria proclaimed Empress of India |
| 1878 | Second Anglo-Afghan War |
| 1878 | Vernacular Press Act Indian-language newspapers were curbed; repealed in 1881. |
| 1885 | Indian National Congress founded It became the principal organisation of the freedom movement. |
Contemporaries
Sorted by how long their lives overlapped. The bar shows when, within Jyotirao Phule’s life.
Lalon Fakir
Poet / writer · c. 1774 – c. 1890
Baul mystic poet of Bengal
Overlap: 63 years
Alexander Cunningham
Scholar / historian · 1814 – 1893
Founder of the Archaeological Survey of India
Overlap: 63 years
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Social reformer · 1817 – 1898
Founder of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh
Overlap: 63 years
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Social reformer · 1820 – 1891
Campaigned for the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856
Overlap: 63 years
Nana Sahib
Freedom fighter · born 1824
Adopted heir of Baji Rao II who led the 1857 revolt at Kanpur
Overlap: 63 years
Dadabhai Naoroji
Freedom fighter · 1825 – 1917
The 'Grand Old Man of India' who formulated the drain theory
Overlap: 63 years
Allan Octavian Hume
Statesman / administrator · 1829 – 1912
Retired civil servant who helped found the Indian National Congress
Overlap: 61 years
Savitribai Phule
Social reformer · 1831 – 1897
Pioneer of women's education who opened a girls' school in Pune
Overlap: 59 years
Swami Dayananda Saraswati
Social reformer · 1824 – 1883
Founder of the Arya Samaj
Overlap: 56 years
Begum Hazrat Mahal
Freedom fighter · 1820 – 1879
Led the 1857 revolt in Lucknow
Overlap: 52 years
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Poet / writer · 1838 – 1894
Author of Anandamath, which contains Vande Mataram
Overlap: 52 years
Jamsetji Tata
Statesman / administrator · 1839 – 1904
Founder of the Tata Group
Overlap: 51 years
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
Saint / religious leader · 1836 – 1886
Mystic of Dakshineswar and guru of Vivekananda
Overlap: 50 years
W. C. Bonnerjee
Freedom fighter · 1844 – 1906
First President of the Indian National Congress
Overlap: 46 years
Annie Besant
Freedom fighter · 1847 – 1933
Theosophist who launched a Home Rule League in 1916
Overlap: 43 years
Mirza Ghalib
Poet / writer · 1797 – 1869
Urdu and Persian poet of Delhi
Overlap: 42 years
Surendranath Banerjea
Freedom fighter · 1848 – 1925
Founder of the Indian Association in 1876
Overlap: 42 years
Raja Ravi Varma
Artist / musician · 1848 – 1906
Painter of Indian mythological subjects in oils
Overlap: 42 years
Bhanubhakta Acharya
Poet / writer · 1814 – 1868
Adikavi of Nepali who translated the Ramayana
Overlap: 41 years
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Freedom fighter · 1856 – 1920
Declared 'Swaraj is my birthright' and edited the Kesari
Overlap: 34 years
Sree Narayana Guru
Social reformer · 1856 – 1928
Kerala reformer who preached 'One caste, one religion, one God'
Overlap: 34 years
Thomas Babington Macaulay
Statesman / administrator · 1800 – 1859
Author of the 1835 Minute on Indian Education
Overlap: 32 years
Tantia Tope
Freedom fighter · 1814 – 1859
Guerrilla commander of the 1857 revolt
Overlap: 32 years
Bipin Chandra Pal
Freedom fighter · 1858 – 1932
Swadeshi leader, the 'Pal' of Lal-Bal-Pal
Overlap: 32 years
📚 Recommended reading
Textbook
A Brief History of Modern India
The most-used exam book for modern India; dense, well organised and revision-friendly.
Reference
India's Struggle for Independence
The standard narrative of the national movement from 1857 to 1947.
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